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Photography types
by Wikipedia
Color photography
Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. Initial experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. The first permanent color photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
One of the early methods of taking color photos was to use three cameras. Each camera would have a color filter in front of the lens. This technique provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image in a darkroom or processing plant. Russian photographer Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii developed another technique, with three color plates taken in quick succession.
Practical application of the technique was held back by the very limited color response of early film; however, in the early 1900s, following the work of photo-chemists such as H. W. Vogel, emulsions with adequate sensitivity to green and red light at last became available.
The first color film, Autochrome, thus did not reach the market until 1907; it was based on a 'screen-plate' filter made of dyed dots of potato starch. The first modern ('integrated tri-pack') color film, Kodachrome, was introduced in 1935 based on three colored emulsions. Most modern color films, except Kodachrome, are based on technology developed for Agfacolor (as 'Agfacolor Neue') in 1936. Instant color film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963.
Color photography may form images as a positive transparency, intended for use in a slide projector or as color negatives, intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography, owing to the introduction of automated photoprinting equipment.
Digital photography
Traditional photography was a considerable burden for photographers working at remote locations (such as press correspondents) without access to processing facilities. With increased competition from television, there was pressure to deliver their images to newspapers with greater speed. Photo-journalists at remote locations would carry a miniature photo lab with them, and some means of transmitting their images down the telephone line. In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a CCD for imaging, and which required no film -- the Sony Mavica. While the Mavica did save images to disk, the images themselves were displayed on television, and therefore the camera could not be considered fully digital. In 1990, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital camera. Its cost precluded any use other than photojournalism and professional applications, but commercial digital photography was born.
Digital photography uses an electronic sensor such as a charge-coupled device to record the image as a piece of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. Some other devices, such as cell phones, now include digital photography features.
Although not viewed by all photographers as true photography, digital photography in fact meets all requirements to be called such. Even though there are no chemical processes, a digital camera captures a frame of whatever it happens to be pointed at, which can be viewed later. In 10 years, digital point and shoot cameras have become widespread consumer products. These digital cameras now outsell similar film cameras, and many include features not found in film cameras such as the ability to shoot video and record audio.
Kodak announced in January 2004 that it would no longer produce reloadable 35mm cameras after the end of that year. This was interpreted as a sign of the end of film photography. However, Kodak was at that time a minor actor on the reloadable film cameras market. In January 2006 Nikon followed suit and announced that they will stop the production of all but two models of their film cameras, they will continue to produce the low-end Nikon FM10, and the high-end Nikon F6. The price of 35mm and APS compact cameras have dropped, probably due to direct competition from digital and the resulting growth of the offer of second-hand film cameras.
Digital versus film
Film photography is anticipated to endure for some time, as dedicated amateurs and skilled artists often prefer the use of traditional and familiar materials and techniques. The comparison of resolution between film and digital photography is complex. While the resolution of commercial 35 mm color film is estimated to be 19 megapixel, this measure may be misleading. When considered in the context of film and lens in a camera, typical film achieves a resolution of about 40 line pairs per mm, or 80 dots per mm. This is equivalent of about 5.5 megapixels in the image of 35 mm film. In contrast to that, advertised pixel counts on digital cameras do not account for the actual number of pixels used to store the image, nor the effect of the Bayer pattern of sensor filters on the digital sensor, nor the image processing algorithm used to interpolate sensor pixels to image pixels. In addition, digital sensors are generally arranged in a rectangular pattern, making images susceptible to moire pattern artifacts, whereas film is immune to such effects due to the random orientation of grains.
The resolution of modern black and white slow speed film, exposed through a high quality prime lens working at its optimum aperture yields usable detail at a scanned file size of greater than 30 megapixels, with consumer 35mm color negative film an effective resolution of over 12 megapixels is achievable and in an inexpensive 35mm point and shoot camera a resolution of over 8 megapixels may be achieved. Film also offers ease of processing with drop off services for processing available in many locations, in contrast to digital photography where the process of printing can require the time and effort of the user in areas where commercial digital to print services are not yet readily available. A market of online printing of digital images has developed in response to this demand.
One major advantage of Digital photography is the ability to manipulate images given access to a personal computer. Software bundled with nearly all digital cameras today allows the user to modify the characteristics of the recorded image to produce a more desirable final image. More sophisticated users may choose to manipulate or alter the actual content of the recorded image. (See Photoshopping.) Another important advantage is the ability to evaluate a shot in real time, to decide if you wish to take another shot of the subject, in a different manner or with different settings. Images that are not appealing may be erased, freeing up storage space.
Nonetheless film still has advantages over digital, at least with current technology. One of the main advantages is its latitude, that is, the ability to produce a good image from over or under exposed negatives. Digital images which are slightly overexposed can lose all data in the highlights, and underexposed digital will lose significant shadow detail. Film, on the other hand, can be greatly over or underexposed and still be able to produce a normal image. This is particularly true with black and white film.
One useful approach to deciding between a film or digital camera is to consider the ultimate medium of display for your photographs. If your pictures are for display on computer or television screens, small format prints such as snapshot or 8x10" photo paper, then the resolution provided by a 5 to 9 megapixal digital camera may be adequate. If your final medium is magazine or poster images, or slides for projection, then you may need the resolution provided by film in order to get a satisfying product. Lower resolution images will look soft and/or noisy when printed or projected in large format.
A hybrid approach wherein film is used for image capture which is then subsequently scanned to bring the image into the digital domain is an additional option, bringing together film and digital techniques. Scanning resolution is then an additional factor. Typical consumer grade labs will scan a 35mm negative at 1200 dpi, resulting in only a 2 megapixel image. In this case the resolution advantages of film disappear. For higher quality work, scans of higher resolution are available from professional photo-finishing labs, or through the personal use of a film scanner.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography
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